PROCESSOR SPECIFIC DIRECTIVES
.8085 Directive
Format:
.8085
The .8085 directive enables processing of the standard 8085
specific mnemonics. Unspecified 8085 instructions will be
flagged with an <o> error. Addressing modes not supported by
the 8085 will be flagged with an <a> error.
The .8085 directive also selects the 8085 specific cycles
count to be output.
The AS8085 assembler defaults to the standard 8085 instruc-
tion set if no processor specific directive is given.
.8085x Directive
Format:
.8085x
The .8085x directive enables processing of the standard and un-
specified 8085 instructions. Addressing modes not supported by
the 8085 will be flagged with an <a> error.
The .8085x directive also selects the 8085 specific cycles
count to be output.
.8080 Directive
Format:
.8080
The .8080 directive enables processing of the standard 8080
specific mnemonics. All non 8080 instructions will be flagged
with an <o> error. Addressing modes not supported by the 8080
will be flagged with an <a> error.
The .8080 directive also selects the 8080 specific cycles
count to be output.
8085 REGISTER SET
The following is a list of the 8080/8085 registers used by
AS8085:
a,b,c,d,e,h,l - 8-bit accumulators
m - memory through (hl)
sp - stack pointer
psw - status word
8085 INSTRUCTION SET
The following tables list all 8080/8085 mnemonics recognized
by the AS8085 assembler. The following list specifies the
format for each addressing mode supported by AS8085:
#data immediate data
byte or word data
r,r1,r2 register or register pair
psw,a,b,c,d,e,h,l
bc,de,hl,sp,pc
m memory address using (hl)
addr direct memory addressing
label call or jump label
The terms data, m, addr, and label may be expressions.
Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
struction, refer to the 8080/8085 technical data for valid
modes.
Inherent Instructions
cma cmc
daa di
ei hlt
nop pchl
ral rar
ret rrc
rlc sphl
stc xchg
xthl
rim (Not 8080)
sim (Not 8080)
Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions
adc r adc m aci #data
add r add m adi #data
ana r ana m ani #data
cmp r cmp m cpi #data
ora r ora m ori #data
sbb r sbb m sbi #data
sub r sub m sui #data
xra r xra m xri #data
Call and Return Instructions
cc label rc
cm label rm
cnc label rnc
cnz label rnz
cp label rp
cpe label rpe
cpo label rpo
cz label rz
call label
Jump Instructions
jc label
jm label
jnc label
jnz label
jp label
jpe label
jpo label
jz label
jmp label
Input/Output/Reset Instructions
in data
out data
rst data
Move Instructions
mov r1,r2
mov r,m
mov m,r
mvi r,#data
mvi m,#data
Other Instructions
dcr r dcr m
inr r inr m
dad r dcx r
inx r ldax r
pop r push r
stax r
lda addr lhld addr
shld addr sta addr
lxi r,#data
Unspecified Instructions
arhl
dsub
jnx5 addr _or_ jnk addr
jx5 addr _or_ jk addr
ldhi #data
ldsi #data
lhlx
rdel
rstv
shlx
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
Engineer's Notebook,
"Electronics" magazine, 1980
----------------------------
Unspecified 8085 Op Codes Enhance Programming
by Wolfgang Dehnhardt and Villy M. Sorenson
GSI, Dermstat, and Sorenson Software,
Seeheim, West Germany
----------------------------
Ten operating codes and two flag bits previously unknown to
most users of the 8085 microprocessor will enable programmers to
write more efficient routines. The new members of the instruc-
tion set, which were stumbled upon during the testing of an
assembler-disassembler module, include seven opcodes that in-
volve the processing of register pairs, two that involve jump
operations with one new flag, and one that performs a condi-
tional restart on the overflow indication of the other flag bit.
The seven register pair instructions (all with 16-bit
operands) consist of a double subtraction, a rotate, a shift,
indirect loading and storing of a word, and two offset opera-
tions. Either BC, DE, HL, or SP are the designated register
pairs used in these opcodes.
The mnemonic names of the instructions have been selected to
be compatible with the 8085's existing mnemonics. In the double
subtraction (DSUB), register pair BC is subtracted from HL.
This instruction thus performs the opposite task of DAD B, a
well-known instruction. The instruction RDEL rotates register
pair DE left 1 bit through the carry. ARHL is an arithmetic
shift to the right of HL. It serves to divide HL by 2, except
in cases where HL is -1.
All 16 bits of register pair HL can be stored indirectly at
the address contained in the DE pair by specifying instruction
SHLX. To load HL, LHLX must be employed.
As an example of how this instruction can be used to cut in-
struction steps, consider the common sequence used for a routine
table jump shown in part (a) of the figure. By assigning the
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-5
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
register DE for HL and using the LHLX instruction, this sequence
can be replaced by the much simpler arrangement shown at the
bottom of part (a).
As for adding the contents of register pairs with an addi-
tional byte (offset), DE can be loaded with HL plus the byte by
selecting the instruction LDHI, which simplifies array address-
ing. Usually, the architecture of the 8080-type systems dictate
addressing of arrays in what are called pages of 256 bytes.
This restriction means that the starting address of an array
must be placed near the beginning of a page. A typical call is
shown in part (b) of the figure.
The page limitation is by passed using th LDHI instruction
code and constant indexes. The starting address of the array
can now be placed anywhere, and addressing occurs as shown at
the bottom of part (b).
An additional byte can be combined with register pair SP in
DE if instruction LDSI is specified. This instruction is
designed for operating system routines that transfer arguments
on the stack. An example sequence, shown in (c), stores HL into
a 16-bit word located as the second item below the top of the
stack.
The jump and restart instructions work in conjunction with
the two discoverd flag bits, X5 and V. Op codes JX5 and JNX5
jump depending on the state of th X5 flag. Op code RSTV makes a
restart call to hexidecimal address 40 if the V flag is set;
otherwise it functions as a no-operation instruction.
Flag bit V indicates a 2's complement overflow condition for
8- and 16-bit arithmetic operations. Flag bit X5 has been named
for its position in the condition code byte and not for its
function. It does not resemble any normal flag bit. The only
use for this bit found thus far are as an unsigned overflow in-
dicator resulting from a data change of FFFF to 0000 on execut-
ing DCX.
The new 8085 instructions are outlined in the table.
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-6
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
Figure:
------------------------------------------------------|
| part (a) |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | Source Statement | Comment | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | MOV E,M | ;Routine ADR Low Byte | |
| | INX H | ;HL = Table ADR | |
| | MOV D,M | ;Routine ADR High Byte | |
| | XCHG | ;DE = Routine ADR | |
| | PCHL | ;Go to Routine ADR | |
| |---- ----| |
| || |
| \/ |
| |---- ----| |
| | LHLX | ;DE = Table ADR | |
| | PCHL | ;HL = Routine ADR | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| |
| part (b) |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | Source Statement | Comment | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | LXI H,ARRAY | ;ARRAY Base ADR | |
| | MVI L,INDEX | ;8-Bit INDEX, HL=ARRAY ADR | |
| |---- ----| |
| || |
| \/ |
| |---- ----| |
| | LXI H,ARRAY | ;ARRAY Base ADR | |
| | LDHI L,INDEX | ;8-Bit INDEX, HL=ARRAY ADR | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| |
| part (c) |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | Source Statement | Comment | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| | LDSI 2 | ;DE = SP + 2 | |
| | SHLX | ;Replace 2, Item on Stack | |
| |-------------------------------------------------| |
| |
| Options. Newly discovered operating codes for |
| 8085 shown in table enables the writing of more |
| efficient programs. Program for table jump (a, top) |
| can be reduced significantly when new instructions |
| (a, bottom) are implemented. Array routine (b, top) |
| can be rewritten (b, Bottom) so that arrays can be |
| addressed across page boundaries. Data words can |
| be entered at any point in a stack register (c). |
------------------------------------------------------|
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-7
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
Table:
-----------------------------------
| Condition Code Format |
-----------------------------------
| S Z X5 AC O P V CY |
-----------------------------------
New Condition Codes:
V = Bit 1 2's complement overflow
X5 = bit 5 Underflow (DCX) or Overflow (INX)
X5 = O1*O2 + O1*R + O2*R, where
* == AND, + == OR
O1 = sign of operand 1
O2 = sign of operand 2
R = sign of result.
For subtraction and comparisons
replace O2 with ~O2.
DSUB (double subtraction)
(H)(L)=(H)(L)-(B)(C)
The contents of register pair B and C are subtracted
from the contents of register pair H and L. The
result is placed in register pair H and L. All
condition flags are affected.
---------------------
[ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] (08)
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: register
flags: Z,S,P,CY,AC,X5,V
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-8
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
ARHL (arithmetic shift of H and L to the right)
(H7=H7);(Hn-1)=(Hn)
(L7=H0);(Ln-1)=(Ln);(CY)=(L0)
The contents of register pair H and L are shifted
right one bit. The uppermost bit is duplicated and
the lowest bit is shifted into the carry bit.
The result is placed in register pair H and L.
Note: only the CY flag is affected.
---------------------
[ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ] (10)
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 7
addressing: register
flags: CY
RDEL (rotate D and E left through carry)
(Dn+1)=(Dn);(D0)=(E7)
(CY)=(D7);(En+1)=(En);(E0)=(CY)
The contents of register pair D and E are rotated
left one position through the carry flag. The low
order bit is set equal to the CY flag and the CY
flag is set to the value shifted out of the
high-order bit. Only the CY and V flags are
affected.
---------------------
[ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 ] (18)
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: register
flags: CY, V
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-9
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
LDHI (load D and E with H and L plus immediate byte)
(D)(E)=((H)(L)+(byte 2)
The contents of register pair H and L are added to
the immediate byte. The result is placed in
register pair D and E.
Note: no condition flags are affected.
---------------------
[ 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ] (28)
---------------------
[ data ]
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: immediate register
flags: none
LDSI (load D and E with SP plus immediate bytey)
(D)(E);(D0)=(E7)
(CY)=(D7);(SPH)(SPL)+(byte 2)
The contents of register pair H and L are added to
the immediate byte. The result is placed in
register pair D and E.
Note: no condition flags are affected.
---------------------
[ 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ] (38)
---------------------
[ data ]
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: immediate register
flags: none
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-10
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
RSTV (restart on overflow)
if (V):
((SP)-1))=(PCH)
((SP)-2))=(PCL)
(SP)=(SP)-2
(PC)=40 hex
If the overflow flag V is set, the actions
specified above are performed; otherwise
control continues sequentially.
---------------------
[ 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 ] (CB)
---------------------
cycles: 1 or 3
states: 6 or 12
addressing: register indirect
flags: none
SHLX (store H and L indirect through D and E)
((D)(E))=(L)
((D)(E)+1)=(H)
The contents of register L are moved to the
memory-location whose address is in register pair
D and E. The contents of register H are moved to
the succeeding memory location.
---------------------
[ 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 ] (D9)
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: register indirect
flags: none
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-11
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
JNX5 (jump on not X5)
if (not X5)
(PC)=(byte 3)(byte 2)
If the X5 flag is reset, control is transferred to
the instruction whose address is specified in byte
3 and byte 2 of the current instruction; otherwise
control continues sequentially.
---------------------
[ 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 ] (DD)
---------------------
[ lo-order address ]
---------------------
[ hi-order address ]
---------------------
cycles: 2 or 3
states: 7 or 10
addressing: immediate
flags: none
LHLX (load H and L indirect through D and E))
(L)=((D)(E))
(H)=((D)(E)+1)
The content of the memory location whose address
is in D and E, are moved to register L. The
contents of the succeeding memory location are
moved to register H.
---------------------
[ 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 ] (ED)
---------------------
cycles: 3
states: 10
addressing: register indirect
flags: none
AS8085 ASSEMBLER PAGE AQ-12
UNSPECIFIED OPCODE ARTICLE
JX5 (jump on X5)
if (X5)
(PC)=(byte 3)(byte 2)
If the X5 flag is set, control is transferred to
the instruction whose address is specified in byte
3 and byte 2 of the current instruction; otherwise
control continues sequentially.
---------------------
[ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ] (FD)
---------------------
[ lo-order address ]
---------------------
[ hi-order address ]
---------------------
cycles: 2 or 3
states: 7 or 10
addressing: immediate
flags: none
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